Carya illinoinensis

The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a tall, deciduous tree that can reach heights of approximately 40 meters and has a remarkable lifespan, often living up to 300 years in its native habitat. Historically, large pecan groves were cultivated, and today, remnants of these groves can still be seen, showcasing numerous specimens of this majestic tree. With an upright and wide canopy, the pecan is also valued as an ornamental shade tree, displaying vibrant yellow fall colors.

The tree produces unisexual flowers, with male flowers measuring 8-15 cm in length that sway in the wind to disperse their pollen. Female flowers grow in clusters of 3-6 and bloom for a brief period each spring. In commercial varieties, the timing of male and female flowering can be inconsistent, so it is advisable to plant compatible male and female varieties to ensure effective pollination. However, the windborne pollen from pecan flowers can trigger severe allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, causing discomfort during the blooming season, particularly in areas with extensive pecan tree plantings.

The pecan fruit is elongated with a pointed end; when mature, it dries and develops a brown skin with distinctive black veins. Rich in nutrients, pecans are high in calories and contain essential carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Research indicates that pecans may also possess medicinal properties. During autumn, the fruits ripen and are consumed after drying.

Native Americans historically gathered and consumed pecans, appreciating their long shelf life and resistance to spoilage. Spanish explorers discovered pecans in the 16th century, subsequently introducing them as an agricultural crop to Europe, Asia, Africa, and later Australia. The wood of the pecan tree is also utilized in carpentry, particularly for furniture production.

Indigenous to the lower Mississippi Valley in the central USA and Mexico, the pecan tree was named after the state of Illinois. In the 1950s, pecan trees were imported to Israel for commercial cultivation. However, the introduction of the yellow pecan aphid (Monelliopsis pecanis) from uncontrolled seedlings significantly impacted local orchards, threatening the viability of pecan farming in the region.

Pecan nuts are typically harvested from the trees using devices that shake the entire tree. In public gardens, harvesting can be challenging, allowing crows to take advantage of fallen nuts. These birds have learned to break the nuts by dropping them from heights onto hard surfaces, such as roads or sidewalks, to access their nutritious contents. Occasionally, intact nuts may germinate if they land in moist soil.

Despite its longevity, the pecan tree is considered relatively delicate. Its central branches are prone to breakage due to heavy fruit loads and instability. Regular pruning and maintenance are essential to promote health and longevity. Like all trees, broken branches may attract pests, which can severely damage or even kill the tree if not addressed promptly.