Casuarina equisetifolia

The Casuarina equisetifolia is an evergreen, fast-growing tree that ranges from medium to large in size. These trees have a long history in Israel, with many being over 70 years old, planted before the establishment of the state and continuing until the 1960s. However, since then, their prevalence has declined, and they are now rarely planted. Casuarina is a pioneer species, known for its longevity and high resistance to harsh climatic conditions. It is one of the few trees in our experience that can withstand sea spray when planted along the coastline.

Though the Casuarina resembles a needle-leaved tree, its long “needles” are actually modified branches known as phylloclades, which function and appear like leaves. The true leaves are tiny scales located at the joints of these branches. These needle-like twigs, which vary in color from dark green to gray, are the main photosynthetic parts of the tree. The tree’s shape is relatively upright and narrow, with an asymmetrical crown. In Israel, Casuarina trees typically reach heights of 15 to 20 meters, but in their natural habitat, they can grow up to 35 meters.

It is important to note that Casuarina produces allelopathic substances, which are released into the soil through its branches and twigs, inhibiting the germination of competing vegetation around it.

The Casuarina is monoecious, meaning that both male and female inflorescences are found on the same tree. Its small, pine cone-like fruit is dense and oval-shaped. The tree grows naturally in Southeast Asia to Northeast Australia, thriving in coastal areas, river mouths, and swamps. It is adaptable, growing in a variety of soils and at altitudes up to 1500 meters, mainly in regions with significant precipitation, although it can also withstand long dry periods lasting several months.

Notably, research on Casuarina species planted in Israel during the British Mandate period and the early years of the state has revealed that two species were commonly planted: *Casuarina equisetifolia* and *Casuarina cunninghamiana*. Due to their genetic similarity and the collection of seeds from unverified sources, hybrids between these species are common in Israel.

Casuarina is a hardy tree and was historically planted as a windbreak around citrus groves, as a street tree, in parks, and groves, and even to stabilize sandy soils. The name “Casuarina” is derived from the Malay language spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia, where the tree is named for its branches, which resemble the feathers of the cassowary bird.